| Title |
Safety profile of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with rosmarinic acid for oral use: in vitro and animal approaches
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
International Journal of Nanomedicine, August 2016
|
| DOI | 10.2147/ijn.s104623 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Ana Raquel Madureira, Sara Nunes, Débora A Campos, João C Fernandes, Cláudia Marques, Monica Zuzarte, Beatriz Gullón, Luís M Rodríguez-Alcalá, Conceição Calhau, Bruno Sarmento, Ana Maria Gomes, Maria Manuela Pintado, Flávio Reis |
| Abstract |
Rosmarinic acid (RA) possesses several protective bioactivities that have attracted increasing interest by nutraceutical/pharmaceutical industries. Considering the reduced bioavailability after oral use, effective (and safe) delivery systems are crucial to protect RA from gastrointestinal degradation. This study aims to characterize the safety profile of solid lipid nanoparticles produced with Witepsol and Carnauba waxes and loaded with RA, using in vitro and in vivo approaches, focused on genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assays, redox status markers, hematological and biochemical profile, liver and kidney function, gut bacterial microbiota, and fecal fatty acids composition. Free RA and sage extract, empty nanoparticles, or nanoparticles loaded with RA or sage extract (0.15 and 1.5 mg/mL) were evaluated for cell (lymphocytes) viability, necrosis and apoptosis, and antioxidant/prooxidant effects upon DNA. Wistar rats were orally treated for 14 days with vehicle (control) and with Witepsol or Carnauba nanoparticles loaded with RA at 1 and 10 mg/kg body weight/d. Blood, urine, feces, and several tissues were collected for analysis. Free and loaded RA, at 0.15 mg/mL, presented a safe profile, while genotoxic potential was found for the higher dose (1.5 mg/mL), mainly by necrosis. Our data suggest that both types of nanoparticles are safe when loaded with moderate concentrations of RA, without in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity and with an in vivo safety profile in rats orally treated, thus opening new avenues for use in nutraceutical applications. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 7 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | 1 | 14% |
| Mexico | 1 | 14% |
| Unknown | 5 | 71% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 4 | 57% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 29% |
| Scientists | 1 | 14% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 103 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 103 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 16 | 16% |
| Student > Bachelor | 16 | 16% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 14 | 14% |
| Student > Master | 12 | 12% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 4 | 4% |
| Other | 12 | 12% |
| Unknown | 29 | 28% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 17 | 17% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 11 | 11% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 9 | 9% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 8 | 8% |
| Chemistry | 8 | 8% |
| Other | 9 | 9% |
| Unknown | 41 | 40% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 5. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 12 December 2016.
All research outputs
#7,119,409
of 25,374,647 outputs
Outputs from International Journal of Nanomedicine
#759
of 4,123 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#114,348
of 381,036 outputs
Outputs of similar age from International Journal of Nanomedicine
#17
of 127 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,374,647 research outputs across all sources so far. This one has received more attention than most of these and is in the 71st percentile.
So far Altmetric has tracked 4,123 research outputs from this source. They receive a mean Attention Score of 4.7. This one has done well, scoring higher than 81% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 381,036 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 69% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 127 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done well, scoring higher than 86% of its contemporaries.