Title |
Management of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: challenges and solutions
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Published in |
Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, November 2016
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DOI | 10.2147/tcrm.s74476 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Khalid Al-Kofahi, Peter Korsten, Christian Ascoli, Shanti Virupannavar, Mehdi Mirsaeidi, Ian Chang, Naim Qaqish, Lesley A Saketkoo, Robert P Baughman, Nadera J Sweiss |
Abstract |
Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomas that most often involves the lungs, but frequently has extrapulmonary manifestations, which might be difficult to treat in individual patients. To review different disease manifestations, focusing on extrapulmonary organ systems, and to provide treatment options for refractory cases. We performed a literature search using Medline and Google Scholar for individual or combined keywords of "sarcoidosis, extrapulmonary, treatment, kidney, neurosarcoidosis, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, transplantation, musculoskeletal, rheumatology, arthritis, and skin". Peer-reviewed articles, including review articles, clinical trials, observational trials, and case reports that were published in English were included. References from retrieved articles were also manually searched for relevant articles. Isolated involvement of a single organ or organ system is rare in sarcoidosis, and thus all patients must be thoroughly evaluated for additional disease manifestations. Cardiac sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis may be life-threatening. Clinicians need to assess patients comprehensively using clinical, laboratory, imaging, and histopathological data to recommend competently the best and least toxic treatment option for the individual patient. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 2 | 17% |
Australia | 1 | 8% |
Guinea | 1 | 8% |
Uruguay | 1 | 8% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 8% |
Mexico | 1 | 8% |
Denmark | 1 | 8% |
Germany | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 3 | 25% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 7 | 58% |
Scientists | 4 | 33% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 8% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 103 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Other | 12 | 12% |
Researcher | 10 | 10% |
Student > Master | 10 | 10% |
Student > Bachelor | 10 | 10% |
Student > Postgraduate | 8 | 8% |
Other | 19 | 18% |
Unknown | 34 | 33% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 56 | 54% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 3 | 3% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 1 | <1% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 1 | <1% |
Computer Science | 1 | <1% |
Other | 3 | 3% |
Unknown | 38 | 37% |