| Title |
Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
International Journal of Nanomedicine, November 2016
|
| DOI | 10.2147/ijn.s113292 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Alaa A Fadhel, Xiling Yue, Ebrahim H Ghazvini Zadeh, Mykhailo V Bondar, Kevin D Belfield |
| Abstract |
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) processes involving the production of singlet oxygen face the issue of oxygen concentration dependency. Despite high oxygen delivery, a variety of properties related to metabolism and vascular morphology in cancer cells result in hypoxic environments, resulting in limited effectiveness of such therapies. An alternative oxygen-independent agent whose cell cytotoxicity can be remotely controlled by light may allow access to treatment of hypoxic tumors. Toward that end, we developed and tested both polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized and hydrophilic silica nanoparticle (SiNP)-enriched photoacid generator (PAG) as a nontraditional PDT agent to effectively induce necrotic cell death in HCT-116 cells. Already known for applications in lithography and cationic polymerization, our developed oxygen-independent PDT, whether free or highly monodispersed on SiNPs, generates acid when a one-photon (1P) or two-photon (2P) excitation source is used, thus potentially permitting deep tissue treatment. Our study shows that when conjugated to SiNPs with protruding amine functionalities (SiNP-PAG9), such atypical PDT agents can be effectively delivered into HCT-116 cells and compartmentalize exclusively in lysosomes and endosomes. Loss of cell adhesion and cell swelling are detected when an excitation source is applied, suggesting that SiNP-PAG9, when excited via near-infrared 2P absorption (a subject of future investigation), can be used as a delivery system to selectively induce cell death in oxygen-deprived optically thick tissue. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 3 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 1 | 33% |
| Unknown | 2 | 67% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 2 | 67% |
| Scientists | 1 | 33% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 20 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 1 | 5% |
| Unknown | 19 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 3 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 3 | 15% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 2 | 10% |
| Researcher | 2 | 10% |
| Professor > Associate Professor | 1 | 5% |
| Other | 1 | 5% |
| Unknown | 8 | 40% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Chemistry | 4 | 20% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 | 10% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 2 | 10% |
| Social Sciences | 1 | 5% |
| Materials Science | 1 | 5% |
| Other | 0 | 0% |
| Unknown | 10 | 50% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 31 July 2017.
All research outputs
#15,168,964
of 25,373,627 outputs
Outputs from International Journal of Nanomedicine
#1,665
of 4,123 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#173,873
of 317,805 outputs
Outputs of similar age from International Journal of Nanomedicine
#40
of 94 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,373,627 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 38th percentile – i.e., 38% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 4,123 research outputs from this source. They receive a mean Attention Score of 4.7. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 57% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 317,805 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 43rd percentile – i.e., 43% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 94 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 56% of its contemporaries.