Title |
Visceral pain triggered by traction on the ileocecal ligament with ileitis
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Published in |
Journal of Pain Research, September 2016
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DOI | 10.2147/jpr.s115127 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Habibullah Janyaro, Juan Wan, Adnan H Tahir, Manoj K Shah, Xiao-Jing Li, Ming-Xing Ding |
Abstract |
Visceral pain is a common symptom of several gastrointestinal disorders. Despite tremendous progress in understanding its basic mechanisms, it remains a significant health challenge for clinicians. The present study quantified the intensity of visceral pain using ileocecal ligament traction on an inflamed ileum in goats. A total of 36 male goats weighing 20.05±2.1 kg were randomly allocated equally into a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) group (n=18) and a saline group (n=18). Ileitis was induced via the injection of 30 mg TNBS dissolved in 30% ethanol into the ileal wall through a laparotomy. An equal volume of normal saline was injected into the ileal wall of the saline goats. Behavioral responses to traction (2, 4, and 6 N) on the ileocecal ligament were observed on days 3, 7, and 14. Six goats from each group received a laparotomy and partial intestinal resection for ileal sample collection immediately after behavioral testing on days 3, 7, and 14. Ileal histopathological changes were assessed and concentrations of myeloperoxidase, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The TNBS-treated goats exhibited remarkably increased macroscopic scores, mast-cell counts, myeloperoxidase, and TNFα concentrations on days 3 and 7 compared to the saline group, and increased microscopic scores and IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations on days 3-14. The TNBS-treated goats exhibited behavioral changes in response to traction in the same pattern as their microscopic changes and cytokine levels. The traction force correlated positively with pain-behavior responses. Traction on the ileocecal ligament of goats with ileitis provoked an apparent, stable, and reproducible ileum-derived pain. The current model may be helpful in evaluating the efficacy of new drugs for the management of visceral pain and in investigating its underlying mechanisms. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 11 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 2 | 18% |
Student > Master | 2 | 18% |
Professor | 2 | 18% |
Lecturer > Senior Lecturer | 1 | 9% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 1 | 9% |
Other | 1 | 9% |
Unknown | 2 | 18% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 4 | 36% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 2 | 18% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 2 | 18% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 1 | 9% |
Unknown | 2 | 18% |