Title |
Insulin administration: present strategies and future directions for a noninvasive (possibly more physiological) delivery
|
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Published in |
Drug Design, Development and Therapy, June 2015
|
DOI | 10.2147/dddt.s79322 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Elena Matteucci, Ottavio Giampietro, Vera Covolan, Daniela Giustarini, Paolo Fanti, Ranieri Rossi |
Abstract |
Insulin is a life-saving medication for people with type 1 diabetes, but traditional insulin replacement therapy is based on multiple daily subcutaneous injections or continuous subcutaneous pump-regulated infusion. Nonphysiologic delivery of subcutaneous insulin implies a rapid and sustained increase in systemic insulin levels due to the loss of concentration gradient between portal and systemic circulations. In fact, the liver degrades about half of the endogenous insulin secreted by the pancreas into the venous portal system. The reverse insulin distribution has short- and long-term effects on glucose metabolism. Thus, researchers have explored less-invasive administration routes based on innovative pharmaceutical formulations, which preserve hormone stability and ensure the therapeutic effectiveness. This review examines some of the recent proposals from clinical and material chemistry point of view, giving particular attention to patients' (and diabetologists') ideal requirements that organic chemistry could meet. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
India | 1 | 50% |
Unknown | 1 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 1 | 50% |
Scientists | 1 | 50% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Ireland | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 136 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 23 | 17% |
Student > Bachelor | 20 | 15% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 19 | 14% |
Researcher | 14 | 10% |
Other | 7 | 5% |
Other | 23 | 17% |
Unknown | 31 | 23% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 31 | 23% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 20 | 15% |
Chemistry | 11 | 8% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 11 | 8% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 9 | 7% |
Other | 21 | 15% |
Unknown | 34 | 25% |