| Title |
Synthesis of a hemin-containing copolymer as a novel immunostimulator that induces IFN-gamma production
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
International Journal of Nanomedicine, August 2018
|
| DOI | 10.2147/ijn.s166259 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Kazuaki Hoshi, Tomohiko Yamazaki, Chiaki Yoshikawa, Wakako Tsugawa, Kazunori Ikebukuro, Koji Sode |
| Abstract |
Hemozoin, a chemical analog of a malarial pigment, is a crystal composed of heme dimers that can act as a potent Th1-type adjuvant, which strongly induces antibody production. However, the clinical applications of malarial hemozoin have limitations due to biosafety concerns and difficulties in the manufacturing process. Based on the premise that an analog of the heme polymer might display immunostimulatory effects, a hemin-containing polymer was developed as a novel immunostimulator. To synthesize the copolymer containing hemin and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), this study employed a conventional radical polymerization method using 2,2'-azodiisobutyronitrile as the radical initiator; the synthesized copolymer was designated as NIPAM-hemin. NIPAM-hemin was soluble and showed no cytotoxicity in vitro. The NIPAM-hemin copolymer induced the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although hemin and the NIPAM monomer individually did not induce the production of any cytokines. The production of IFN-γ induced by NIPAM-hemin was independent of toll-like receptor 9 and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Given that NIPAM-hemin induced IL-6 and IFN-γ production in immune cells without any cytotoxic effects, NIPAM-hemin has potential therapeutic applications as a Th1-type adjuvant. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profile of 1 X user who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 15 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 15 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 5 | 33% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 3 | 20% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 3 | 20% |
| Professor | 1 | 7% |
| Unspecified | 1 | 7% |
| Other | 0 | 0% |
| Unknown | 2 | 13% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Engineering | 4 | 27% |
| Materials Science | 3 | 20% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 | 13% |
| Unspecified | 1 | 7% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 1 | 7% |
| Other | 2 | 13% |
| Unknown | 2 | 13% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 21 August 2018.
All research outputs
#22,767,715
of 25,385,509 outputs
Outputs from International Journal of Nanomedicine
#3,598
of 4,122 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#299,007
of 341,886 outputs
Outputs of similar age from International Journal of Nanomedicine
#63
of 74 outputs
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