Title |
Use of electroporation and reverse iontophoresis for extraction of transdermal multibiomarkers
|
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Published in |
International Journal of Nanomedicine, February 2012
|
DOI | 10.2147/ijn.s27421 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Congo Tak-Shing Ching, Lin-Shien Fu, Tai-Ping Sun, Tzu-Hsiang Hsu, Kang-Ming Chang |
Abstract |
Monitoring of biomarkers, like urea, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and osteopontin, is very important because they are related to kidney disease, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer, respectively. It is well known that reverse iontophoresis can enhance transdermal extraction of small molecules, and even large molecules if reverse iontophoresis is used together with electroporation. Electroporation is the use of a high-voltage electrical pulse to create nanochannels within the stratum corneum, temporarily and reversibly. Reverse iontophoresis is the use of a small current to facilitate both charged and uncharged molecule transportation across the skin. The objectives of this in vitro study were to determine whether PSA and osteopontin are extractable transdermally and noninvasively and whether urea, PSA, and osteopontin can be extracted simultaneously by electroporation and reverse iontophoresis. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Italy | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 30 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 6 | 19% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 5 | 16% |
Student > Master | 3 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 6% |
Student > Bachelor | 2 | 6% |
Other | 4 | 13% |
Unknown | 9 | 29% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Engineering | 5 | 16% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 13% |
Chemistry | 2 | 6% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 2 | 6% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 1 | 3% |
Other | 4 | 13% |
Unknown | 13 | 42% |